Summarizing (สรุปบทความเป็นภาษาอังกฤษ)

History “Colosseum”

Ancient

Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian in around 70–72AD. The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills, through which a canalised stream ran. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited. It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64, following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.
The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre. he building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly-designated Emperor Domitian, who constructed the hypogeum, a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.
In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by lightning, according to Dio Cassius) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century, with gladiatorial fights last mentioned around 435. Animal hunts continued until at least 523.
Medieval
The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period. By the late 6th century a small church had been built into the structure of the amphitheatre, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period. By the late 6th century a small church had been built into the structure of the amphitheatre, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole.
A religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century. The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today.
Modern
During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the vast derelict hulk of the Colosseum. Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death. In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned. The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of 40 billion Italian lire ($19.3m / €20.6m at 2000 prices).
Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released, or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold when capital punishment was abolished in the American state of New Jersey in December 2007.
On July 7, 2007, the Colosseum was voted as one of New Open World Corporation's New Seven Wonders of the World.

Sentence elements

Simple Sentence (ประโยคความเดียว)

1.By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited.
subject = area
predicate = was
object = -
predicative = inhabited
adverbial = densely , By the 2nd century BC

2.The arena was converted into a cemetery.
subject = arena
predicate = was
object = a cemetery
predicative = converted
adverbial = -

3.Animal hunts continued until at least 523.
subject = Animal
predicate = hunts
object = -
predicative = -
adverbial = until at least 523

4.During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the vast derelict hulk of the Colosseum.
subject = Church officials
predicate = sought
object = a productive role , the vast derelict hulk of the Colosseum
predicative = -
adverbial = During the 16th and 17th century

5.Several anti–death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000.
subject = Several anti–death penalty demonstrations
predicate = took place
object = the Colosseum
predicative = -
adverbial = in front of , in 2000

Compound Sentence (ประโยคความรวม)

1.Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down.
subject = the Colossus , much of the Domus Aurea
predicate = was , was
object = -
predicative = preserved , torn down
adverbial = -

2.It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320.
subject = It
predicate = was , underwent
object = -
predicative = repaired
adverbial = not fully , further , again

3. The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century.
subject = The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating
predicate = were , are
object = housing and workshops
predicative = converted , recorded
adverbial = -

4. The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s.
subject = The façade , the interior
predicate = was , was
object = triangular brick wedges
predicative = reinforced , repaired
adverbial = in 1807 and 1827 , in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s

5. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810–1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s.
subject = The arena substructure
predicate = was , was
object = Benito Mussolini
predicative = excavated , exposed
adverbial = partly , fully

Complex Sentence (ประโยคความซ้อน)

1.He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes.
subject = He , he
predicate = built , created
object = the grandiose Domus Aurea , an artificial lake
predicative = -
adverbial = -

2.He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.
subject = He
predicate = added , increase
object = a gallery , the top of the Colosseum
predicative = -
adverbial = -

3.The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today.
subject = The bronze clamps , numerous pockmarks
predicate = held , were , scar
object = the stonework , the walls , the building
predicative = pried , hacked out
adverbial = together, still , today

4. Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further.
subject = popes , the extensive vegetation
predicate = initiated , had
object = various stabilization and restoration projects , the structure
predicative = overgrown , threatened
adverbial = -

5.Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold when capital punishment was abolished in the American state of New Jersey in December 2007.
subject = the Colosseum , capital punishment
predicate = was , was
object = the American state of New Jersey
predicative = illuminated , abolished
adverbial = Most recently , in December 2007

หัวเรื่อง ใจความสำคัญ และการตีความของบทความ

หัวข้อเรื่อง

ใจความสำคัญ

Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian in around 70–72AD. The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills, through which a canalised stream ran. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited. It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64, following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.
On July 7, 2007, the Colosseum was voted as one of New Open World Corporation's New Seven Wonders of the World.

Type of text organization

1.Church officials sought a productive role for the vast derelict hulk of the Colosseum.

Church = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า โบสถ์
Officials = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า เจ้าหน้าที่
Sought = verb เป็นกริยาช่องที่ 2 และ 3 ของ seek มีความหมายว่า ค้นหา
A = determiner เป็นตัวบ่งชี้
Productive = adjective เป็นคำคุณศัพท์ มีความหมายว่า ที่ก่อให้เกิดผล

Role = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า บทบาท
For = preposition เป็นคำบุพบท มีความหมายว่า เพื่อ
The = article เป็นคำนำหน้านามในภาษาอังกฤษ

Vast = adjective เป็นคำคุณศัพท์ มีความหมายว่า ใหญ่โต
Derelict = adjective เป็นคำคุณศัพท์ ถูกทอดทิ้ง
Hulk = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า

Of = preposition เป็นคำบุพบท มีความหมายว่า ของ
The = article เป็นคำนำหน้านามในภาษาอังกฤษ
Colosseum = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า สนามกีฬากลางแจ้ง

2. The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually

The = article เป็นคำนำหน้านามในภาษาอังกฤษ
Colosseum = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า สนามกีฬากลางแจ้ง
Is = auxiliary verb เป็นกริยาช่วยเสริม มีความหมายว่า เป็น/อยู่/คือ (เอกพจน์)
Today = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า ปัจจุบันนี้
One = adjective เป็นคำคุณศัพท์ มีความหมายว่า ที่มีจำนวนหนึ่งเดียว
Of = preposition เป็นคำบุพบท มีความหมายว่า ของ
Most = adjective เป็นคำคุณศัพท์ มีความหมายว่า มากที่สุด
Popular = adjective เป็นคำคุณศัพท์ มีความหมายว่า ที่นิยม
Tourist = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า นักท่องเที่ยว
Attraction = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า การดึงดูด
Receiving = verb เป็นคำกริยา มีความหมายว่า ต้อนรับ
Millions = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า จำนวนมาก
Of = preposition เป็นคำบุพบท มีความหมายว่า ของ
Visitors = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า ผู้เยือน
Annually = adverb เป็นคำวิเศษณ์ มีความหมายว่า ทุกๆปี

3.The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period.

The = article เป็นคำนำหน้านามในภาษาอังกฤษ
Colosseum = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า สนามกีฬากลางแจ้ง
Underwent = verb เป็นกริยาช่อง2ของ undergo มีความหมายว่า ประสบ
Several = adjective เป็นคำคุณศัพท์ มีความหมายว่า หลาย
Radical = adjective เป็นคำคุณศัพท์ มีความหมายว่า ซึ่งเปลี่ยนแปลงครั้งใหญ่
Changes = verb เป็นคำกริยา มีความหมายว่า เปลี่ยน
Of = preposition เป็นคำบุพบท มีความหมายว่า ของ
Use = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า การใช้
During = preposition เป็นคำบุพบท มีความหมายว่า ในระหว่าง
Medieval = adjective เป็นคำคุณศัพท์ มีความหมายว่า ยุคสมัยกลาง
Period = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า ช่วงสมัย

4.Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it, apparently using it as a castle.

Around = preposition เป็นคำบุพบท มีความหมายว่า ประมาณ
The = article เป็นคำนำหน้านามในภาษาอังกฤษ
Took Over = verb เป็นคำกริยา มีความหมายว่าเข้าควบคุม
The = article เป็นคำนำหน้านามในภาษาอังกฤษ
Colosseum = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า สนามกีฬากลางแจ้ง
And = conjunction เป็นคำเชื่อม มีความหมายว่า และ
Fortified = verb เป็นคำกริยา มีความหมายว่า สร้างป้อมปราการ
It = pronoun เป็นคำสรรพนาม มีความว่า มัน
Apparently = adjective เป็นคำคุณศัพท์ มีความหมายว่า ชัดเจน
Using = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า การใช้ประโยชน์
It = pronoun เป็นคำสรรพนาม มีความว่า มัน
As = preposition เป็นคำบุพบท มีความหมายว่า ในฐานะ
A = determiner เป็นตัวบ่งชี้
Castle = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า ป้อมปราการ

5.Today, the Colosseum is a background to the busy metropolis that is modern Rome.

Today = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า ปัจจุบัน
The = article เป็นคำนำหน้านามในภาษาอังกฤษ
Colosseum = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า สนามกีฬากลางแจ้ง
Is = auxiliary verb เป็นกริยาช่วยเสริม มีความหมายว่า เป็น/อยู่/คือ (เอกพจน์)
A = determiner เป็นตัวบ่งชี้
Background = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า ฉากหลัง
To = preposition เป็นคำบุพบท มีความหมายว่า ไปยัง
The = article เป็นคำนำหน้านามในภาษาอังกฤษ
Busy = adjective เป็นคำคุณศัพท์ มีความหมายว่า วุ่นวาย
Metropolis = noun เป็นคำนาม มีความหมายว่า มหานคร
That = determiner เป็นตัวบ่งชี้ มีความหมายว่า นั้น
Is = auxiliary verb เป็นกริยาช่วยเสริม มีความหมายว่า เป็น/อยู่/คือ (เอกพจน์)
Modern = adjective เป็นคำคุณศัพท์ มีความหมายว่า สมัยใหม่

Context Clues 5 ตัวอย่าง

History
--------------------------------------------
Ancient


A map of central Rome during the Roman Empire, with the Colosseum at the upper right corner
Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian in around 70–72AD. The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills, through which a canalised stream ran. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited. It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64, following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.
Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre. Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site, "the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty." This is thought to refer to the vast quantity of treasure seized by the Romans following their victory in the Great Jewish Revolt in 70AD. The Colosseum can be thus interpreted as a great triumphal monument built in the Roman tradition of celebrating great victories. Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can also be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use. In contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were located on the outskirts of a city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre; in effect, placing it both literally and symbolically at the heart of Rome.
The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished and the building inaugurated by his son, Titus, in 80. Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre. The building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly-designated Emperor Domitian, who constructed the hypogeum, a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.
In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by lightning, according to Dio Cassius) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius IIand Valentinian III (reigned 425–450), possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484 and 508. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century, with gladiatorial fights last mentioned around 435. Animal hunts continued until at least 523.
Medieval

Map of medieval Rome depicting the Colosseum
The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period. By the late 6th century a small church had been built into the structure of the amphitheatre, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The arena was converted into a cemetery. The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century. Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it, apparently using it as a castle.
Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349, causing the outer south side to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. A religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century. The interior of the amphitheatre was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make quicklime. The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today.
Modern

Interior of the Colosseum, Rome.Thomas Cole, 1832. Note the Stations of the Cross around the arena and the extensive vegetation, both removed later in the 19th century.
During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the vast derelict hulk of the Colosseum. Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death. In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned.
In 1749, Pope Benedict XIV endorsed as official Church policy the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred. He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the Passion of Christ and installed Stations of the Cross, declaring it sanctified by the blood of the Christian martyrs who perished there (see Christians and the Colosseum). Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further. The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810–1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s.[10]

Between 1993 and 2000, parts of the outer wall were cleaned (left) to repair the Colosseum from automobile exhaust damage (right)
The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of 40 billion Italian lire ($19.3m / €20.6m at 2000 prices). In recent years it has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948. Several anti–death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000. Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released, or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold when capital punishment was abolished in the American state of New Jersey in December 2007.

Today, the Colosseum is a background to the busy metropolis that is modern Rome.
Due to the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have includedRay Charles (May 2002), Paul McCartney (May 2003), and Elton John (September 2005).
On July 7, 2007, the Colosseum was voted as one of New Open World Corporation's New Seven Wonders of the World.

*หมายเหตุ* คำที่มีตัวอกษรสีเทาขยายประโยคที่มีตัวอักษรสีฟ้า